tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24383046554565656152024-03-18T04:03:55.576+01:00Complete Soccer TrainingStrength, conditionining and technique for football playersVladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.comBlogger730125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-40775227096395491202013-11-26T11:53:00.003+01:002013-11-26T11:53:56.519+01:00Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>One more excellent research that supports that squat is very important exercise for soccer players and opens it strong correlation with sprint and vertical jump in soccer players.</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>More details available <a href="http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/38/3/285.full">HERE</a>. </b></span></div>
<br /></div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-29003176715873488822013-11-26T11:48:00.001+01:002013-11-26T11:48:31.811+01:00Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power of elite soccer players<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Just found out fantastic research about isokinetic strength and anaerobic power of the elite soccer players. </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>More details available <a href="http://charlycop.free.fr/COURS/Physiologie%20-%20Didier%20Reiss/Sports%20co/soccer.pdf">HERE</a></b>.</span></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-16335336757869632402013-09-24T18:48:00.002+02:002013-09-24T18:48:16.023+02:00Vukmirovic scores an euro-goal!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5Ivnen2xUg&feature=share">LINK AVAILABLE HERE</a></b></span></div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-24213920849327086512013-09-07T14:32:00.003+02:002013-09-07T14:32:57.156+02:006-week plyomethrics training and its relationship to agility improvement<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Plyometrics</b>, also known as "jump training" or "plyos", are exercises based around having muscles
exert maximum force in as short a time as possible, with the goal of
increasing both speed and power. This training focuses on learning to
move from a muscle extension to a contraction in a rapid or "explosive" way, for example with specialized repeated jumping.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"></sup> Plyometrics are primarily used by athletes, especially martial artists and high jumpers,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"></sup> to improve performance,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Yessis_3-0"></sup> and are used in the fitness field to a much lesser degree.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"></sup></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Agility</b> <span lang="SR-CYR"> is the ability to move and change direction and position of the
body quickly and effectively while under control.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>I am giving here a fantastic research about how will 6-week plyomethrics training improve your agility performances.</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.wmich.edu/hper-esp/files/research/13-Miller-JSSM-5-2006.pdf">LINK</a></span></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-72112424055076373732013-08-10T11:41:00.002+02:002013-08-10T11:41:20.276+02:00Proprioception and injury<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
Proprioception, Performance and Injury </h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Terms proprioception and
proprioceptive reflexes are often used when discussing muscle performance and
injury prevention. The term proprioception is broadly defined as the awareness
of posture and movement. Movements of joint systems are constantly monitored by
various sensors called proprioceptors. The reflexes that arise from these
proprioceptors can initiate, inhibit or fine tune joint movements by actions on
the muscle motor neurons. By influencing muscle activation and contraction,
these reflexes play an important role in stabilizing joints and preventing
injury.<br />
<br />
<strong>What is Proprioception?</strong><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Information about joint movement, muscle length and force
are all provided by proprioceptors, small structures that are found in muscle,
ligaments and tendons that are connected to the spinal cord by neurons. Well
known proprioceptors include the muscle spindle which monitors muscle length,
tendon organs that monitor that amount of force applied to the tendon, and
joint receptors that monitor joint position, movement and acceleration.
Proprioception operates under the concept of feedback. When a proprioceptor
identifies an unwanted movement, it sends a signal from the joint, muscle or
ligament to the spinal cord. Within the spinal cord, the signal can either
initiate or inhibit the motor neuron responsible for muscle contraction. That
is, proprioceptors can cause a muscle to contract or relax. These reflexes are
very fast, occurring within 20-50 thousandths of a second (millisecond) and are
designed to protect the joint from unwanted movements.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">The best example of a proprioceptive reflex is the knee
jerk. The knee jerk begins when the patellar ligament is tapped (this is the
thick band that attaches the patella or knee cap to the tibia or shin bone).
This causes rapid knee extension or a “jerk”. The reflex happens as a result of
the tap causing a small but rapid stretch of the quadriceps muscles. The rapid
stretch activates the muscle spindle that lies within the muscle. This stretch
causes the muscle spindle to send a signal to the spinal cord. There, the motor
neurons controlling the quadriceps are activated, causing the muscle to contract
and shorten, counteracting the stretch. An important concept is that this
reflex does not involve information processing by the brain. It is far too
rapid. The muscle spindle is stretched, a signal is sent to the spinal cord,
the muscle contracts and shortens. The brain is aware of what has happened but
the movement is initiated within the spinal cord.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Many feel that the stretch reflex is very important in
stabilizing joints and preventing ligament injury. For example, a player cuts
by planting her left foot and accelerating to the right. As force is applied to
the foot, the ankle begins to turn inward (inversion). This, in turn causes a
small, but rapid stretch of the muscles that turn the ankle outward (eversion).
The stretch activates the muscle spindles of the stretched muscles (the muscles
on the lateral side of the lower leg) and causes them to contract. The force
exerted by these muscles counteracts to inward movement. In this case, the
stretch reflex aids in preventing the athlete from “rolling” her ankle and
injuring the ankle ligaments.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Ligaments also have proprioceptors that exert protective
reflexes. A number of researchers feel that proprioceptors within the anterior
cruciate ligament (ACL) are sensitive to tension placed on the ligament. One
function of the ACL is preventing the tibia from sliding forward with respect
to the femur (the bone of the upper leg). When the tibia moves forward and the
ACL is stretched, these proprioceptors trigger the hamstring muscles to
contract. The hamstring force pulls the tibia backwards. This stabilizes the
knee, reduces ACL tension and reduces the risk of being damaged. This reflex is
thought to play a role in protecting against ACL injuries. Its importance is
seen in athletes who have undergone ACL reconstruction. In these athletes, the
reflex is greatly diminished and may even be absent and may contribute to the
high rate re-injury.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Not all proprioceptive reflexes activate muscle. Some are
inhibitory. The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) is located in the tendons of most
major muscles. This proprioceptor is sensitive to the amount of force exerted
by the muscle. If, during muscle contraction, excessive force is placed on the
tendon, the GTO sends a signal to the spinal cord. This signal inhibits the
motor neuron and causes the muscle to relax. This inhibitory reflex is designed
to protect the tendon from being damaged by excessive muscle force. Better to
relax the muscle than to have it ruptured or torn away from the bone.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Force production by muscles during dynamic activities such
as landing, cutting and running is a complex interaction of activating signals
originating from the brain (voluntary control) and modulating signals arising
from proprioception (reflex control). The brain activates specific muscles for
a specific task and the proprioceptive reflexes modify contractions to
accommodate unexpected changes in movement.</span><br />
<br />
<strong>Can We Train the Proprioceptive System?</strong><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">When an untrained individual lands a jump, there is a
brief period of muscle relaxation (around 50 msec) that is quickly followed by
contraction. As the person lands, the knees and ankles flex stretching the
quadriceps and calf muscles. This should trigger the stretch reflex and cause a
rapid contraction. However, the excessive force of lengthening (or eccentric)
contractions seems to trigger the GTO and cause a brief period of relaxation,
about 50 msec. Shortly after the relaxation period, the brain initiates
contraction of the hip, knee and ankle extensor muscles so that the athlete can
land the jump without collapsing.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Several research studies also show that trained athletes
have enhanced proprioceptive reflexes. In the example above, that brief period
of relaxation when landing a jump is replaced by a period of enhanced muscle
activation. Training seems to either improve the stretch reflex or diminish the
GTO reflex. Either way, the proprioceptive reflex is enhanced following
training. This results in greater and more rapid force production at landing as
well as improved height of a subsequent rebound jump.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Proprioceptive training involves exercises such as jumps,
cutting maneuvers and balancing activities. They are designed to evoke rapid
changes in movement of the knee and ankle. The idea is to place stress on the
joint by simulating “unwanted” joint movements very controlled conditions.
These movements are thought to “Train” the proprioceptive reflexes as well as
build strength of the musculature. Research has shown that programs targeting
proprioception, balance and strength training do indeed result in reduced
injury risk.</span><br />
<br />
<strong>Summary</strong><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Proprioception or the awareness of body position and joint
movement is an important aspect of normal neuromuscular function. The reflexes
that arise as a part of the proprioceptive system are critically important for
peak performance and reducing the risk of joint injury. Coaches and athletes
should remember that a part of any comprehensive training program should
include exercises designed to enhance proprioceptive reflexes.</span><br />
<br />
<strong>Further Reading</strong><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Ergen E, Ulkar B (2008) Proprioception and ankle injuries
in soccer. </span><em>Clinics in Sports Medicine</em><span class="fullpost">,
27:195-217.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Hewett TE, Paterno MV, Meyer GD (20020) Strategies for
enhancing proprioception and neuromuscular control of the knee. </span><em>Clinical
Orthopaedics and Related Research</em><span class="fullpost">, 402:76-94.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Silvers HJ, Mandelbaum BR (2007) Prevention of anterior
cruciate ligament injury in the female athlete. </span><em>British Journal of
Sports Medicine</em><span class="fullpost">, Supplement 1:i52-i59..</span></div>
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</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-82677648474541090342013-08-04T14:58:00.001+02:002013-08-04T14:58:17.369+02:00Muscles adducting the toes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Adductor
hallucis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/06/muscles-extending-toes.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Plantar interossei</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Adductor
hallucis is situated deep within the plantar aspect of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>. It arises by two heads, oblique and transverse. The
oblique head comes from the plantar surface of the based of the second, third
and fourth metatarsals and the sheath of the tendon of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a>. The transverse head comes from the plantar surface
of the lateral three metatarsophalangeal joints and the deep transverse
metatarsal ligament.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
muscle fibers of the oblique head pass forwards and medially while those of the
transverse head pass medially. The two heads unite and blend with the medial
part of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/07/muscles-flexing-toes.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor hallucis brevis</i></a> to
insert into the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great
toe. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nerve supply</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Adductor
hallucis is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral
plantar nerve</i>, root value S2, 3, and the skin covering this area is supplied
by root S1.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/prstimisici_zps2a036165.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/prstimisici_zps2a036165.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Action </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
will adduct the great toe towards the second toe, and flex the first
metatarsophalangeal joint.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Functional activity</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Working
with <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/08/muscles-abducting-toes.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">abductor hallucis</i></a>, adductor
hallucis helps to control the position of the great toe so that active flexion
can be produced and thereby provide the final thrust needed in walking, running
or jumping. Due to its transverse position across the forefoot it will also
help to maintain the anterior metatarsal arch of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
pull of adductor hallucis is almost at right angles to the phalanx and
therefore will have a better mechanical advantage than <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/08/muscles-abducting-toes.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">abductor hallucis</i></a>. If the medial longitudinal arch is allowed to
fall, allowing <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> to drift
medially and the toes laterally, the pull of adductor hallucis will overcome
that of the abductor, thus adding to the deformity often seen in the great toe.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Palpation</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
muscle is too deep to be palpated. </div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-5764876717732145112013-08-04T14:51:00.001+02:002013-08-04T14:51:18.765+02:00Muscles abducting the toes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Abductor
hallucis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Abductor
digiti minimi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/06/muscles-extending-toes.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Dorsal interossei</span></i></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Abductor hallucis</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Abductor
hallucis is a powerful and important muscle found superficially on the medial
side of the plantar aspect of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>,
lying deep to the medial part of the plantar aponeurosis. It arises, in part,
from the plantar aponeurosis, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plantar
aspect</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial tubercle</i> of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">calcaneus</i>, the flexor retinaculum
and the intermuscular septum separating it from <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/07/muscles-flexing-toes.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum brevis</i></a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
fibres pass forwards forming a tendon which passes over the medial side of the
metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe, to insert into the medial side of
he base of the proximal phalanx in conjunction with the tendon of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/07/muscles-flexing-toes.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor hallucis brevis</i></a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nerve supply</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Abductor
hallucis is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial
plantar nerve</i>, root value S1, 2, with the skin covering the muscle supplied
by root L5.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/prstimisici_zps2a036165.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/prstimisici_zps2a036165.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Action</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As
its name implies, the muscle abducts the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal
joint and also helps to flex it at this point.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Functional activity</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Abduction
of the great toe is not of importance as such, except perhaps as a party trick
and then very few people are able to perform the action easily! However, the
muscle is strong and bulky, and it must therefore be assumed that it has an
important role to play in some specific activity.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Due
to its position along the medial side of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>, together with the fact that it is attached at the back and
front of the medial longitudinal arch, it can act as a bow-string to the arch when
the<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> is being used for propelling
the body forwards. Its attachment to the medial side of the great toe also
helps in controlling the central position of this toe when it is being flexed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
should be noted that when the muscle contracts hard, the great toe does indeed
move medially, but more importantly, <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> is positioned laterally, thus improving the relationship between great
toe and medial side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>.
Indeed, if this alignment of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>
and toes was encouraged from an early age many deformities of the toes may be
prevented.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Palpation</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Place
the fingers on the medial plantar aspect of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>, under the medial longitudinal arch. The toes are then flexed and the
belly of the muscle can be easily palpated towards the heel. Tracing forwards
from the heel, the tendon of the muscle can be felt.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Abductor
digiti minimi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Abductor
digiti minimi is found on the lateral side of the plantar aspect of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>, lying deep to the plantar
aponeurosis from which it gains part of its attachment. It also arises from the
medial and lateral tubercles of the calcaneus and from the area between, as
well as the intermuscular septum is separating it from <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/07/muscles-flexing-toes.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum brevis</i></a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
fibres pass forwards forming a tendon which inserts into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral side</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proximal phalanx</i>
of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fifth toe</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nerve supply</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Abductor
digiti minimi is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral
plantar nerve</i>, root value S2, 3, with the skin covering the muscle being
supplied by root S1.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Action</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
On
contraction abductor digiti minimi abducts the fifth toe at the
metatarsophalangeal joint and also helps to flex it at this joint.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Functional activity</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Because
the muscle runs from the posterior to the anterior parts of the lateral
longitudinal arch, it acts as a bow-string to this arch in a similar way to
abductor hallucis on the medial side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>, except of course that the lateral arch can hardly be called a true
arch. Nevertheless, the muscle certainly comes into action in running and
jumping activities to ensure that this arch is maintained under stress.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Palpation</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Unless
a subject can abduct the fifth toe easily, the muscle is difficult to palpate.</div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-2434221235724764582013-08-04T14:37:00.000+02:002013-08-04T14:37:02.883+02:00Abduction and adduction of the toes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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In
the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2012/09/carpus.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hand</i></a>, it is the middle finger
which is regarded as the central digit when considering abduction and
adduction. In the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>, however, the
central digit when considering these movements is the second toe. Therefore, if
the great toe is drawn medially it is said to abduct, whereas if all the other
toes are drawn laterally, i.e. away from the second toe, that is also termed
abduction. If all the toes are drawn towards the second toe they are said to
adduct.</div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-61276967223097667332013-07-21T18:01:00.001+02:002013-07-21T18:01:19.128+02:00Muscles flexing the toes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum longus</span></i></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum brevis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis longus</span></i></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis brevis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2012/10/muscles-flexing-fingers.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digiti minimi brevis</span></i></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/06/muscles-extending-toes.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Interossei</span></i></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/06/muscles-extending-toes.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lumbricals</span></i></b></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor accessorius lies deep to flexor
digitorum brevis, arising by two heads from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial and lateral tubercles</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">calcaneus</i> and the adjacent long plantar ligament. A flattened
muscular band is formed by the merging of the two heads which inserts into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tendon</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum longus</i></a> in the midpoint of the sole, proximal to
the origin of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the lumbricals</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/flexoraccessorius_zps4d927983.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="313" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/flexoraccessorius_zps4d927983.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor accessorius is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral plantar nerve</i>, root value S2, 3.
The skin over the region is supplied by root S1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It helps the long flexor tendons flex all the
joints of the lateral four toes. By pulling on the lateral side of the tendon
of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum longus</i></a>, it
changes the direction of pull so that the toes flex towards the heel and not
towards the medial malleolus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor accessorius has an important role to
play in gait when <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum longus</i></a>
is already shortened because of plantarflexion of the ankle joint. This muscle
exerts its action on the long flexor tendons so that the toes can be flexed to
grip the ground giving support and thrust during the propulsive phase. This
action essentially means that <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum longus</i></a> can be considered to act powerfully across two joints at
the same time – an unusual phenomenon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lying deep in the sole of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>, flexor accessorius cannot be palpated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum brevis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum brevis is situated in the sole
of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> lying just deep to the
central part of the plantar aponeurosis between abductor hallucis medially and
abductor digiti minimi laterally. Arising from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial tubercle</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">calcaneus</i>,
the deep surface of the central portion of the plantar aponeurosis and the
muscular septa either side, the fibres pass forwards in the middle of the sole,
and separate into four tendons, which pass to the lateral four toes. Just
distal to the metatarsophalangeal joint, within their respective fibrous flexor
sheaths, each tendon splits into two for the passage of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum longus</i></a> tendon, which
passes from deep to superficial. After rotating through almost 180° the outer
margins of the slips of each tendon rejoin, leaving a shallow groove along
which the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum longus</i></a>
tendon slides. After passing over the proximal interphalangeal joint, the tendon
again splits to insert into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sides</i>
of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">middle phalanx</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum brevis is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial plantar nerve</i>, root value S2, 3.
The skin covering this area is supplied by roots L5, S1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum brevis primarily flexes the
proximal interphalangeal joint of the lateral four toes, followed by flexion of
the metatarsophalangeal joints.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum brevis is obviously concerned,
as is <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor digitorum longus</i></a>, in
producing the thrust from the toes when the demand arises.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This muscle is almost impossible to palpate as
it is covered with some of the thickest fascia in the body and its tendons lie
deep within <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis brevis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis brevis is a short muscle
situated deep in the sole of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>,
appearing between abductor hallucis medially and flexor digitorum brevis
laterally. It arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial side</i>
of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plantar surface</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cuboid bone</i>, behind the groove for <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a>, and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adjacent surface</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral cuneiform</i> and from the tendon of
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibialis posterior</i></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The muscle fibres run forwards and medially
towards the great toe, separating into two fleshy bellies to lie either side
and deep to the tendon of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html">flexor hallucis longus</a>. From each belly arises a
tendon which inserts onto the appropriate side of the base of the proximal
phalanx. The medial tendon unites with that of abductor hallucis, while the
lateral tendon unites with the tendon of adductor hallucis, thereby giving common
insertions. Small sesamoid bones, which run in shallow grooves on the head of
the first metatarsal, develop in each tendon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis brevis is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial plantar nerve</i>, root value S1, 2.
The skin covering the area is supplied by root L5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The action of flexor hallucis brevis is to flex
the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/flexorhallucisbrevis_zps18e36ab3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/flexorhallucisbrevis_zps18e36ab3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis brevis will, of course, aid <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flexor hallucis longus</i></a> in the final
push-off from the ground during activity. Being accompanied at its insertion by
abductor and adductor hallucis suggests that the steadying of the great toe
during propulsion must be of great importance, probably to ensure the
generation of maximum force. When the great toe is deformed as in hallux
valgus, where the tip points laterally and the base medially, this thrust is
lost and the patient finds it difficult to run or sometimes walk, even at slow
speeds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is interesting to note that it is not
uncommon for injuries to occur to the sesamoid bones, particularly in
individuals who put considerable strain on the great toe. Such injuries produce
an inflamed region where the sesamoid bone slides against the metatarsal. This
can cause considerable pain and altered function.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This muscle is set so deep in the plantar
surface of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> that it is not
possible to palpate. Only the sesamoid bones found within its tendons can be
felt, and then only with considerable practice. </span></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-8356295919716880852013-06-29T10:41:00.000+02:002013-06-29T10:41:54.624+02:00Muscles extending the toes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor hallucis longus</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor digitorum longus</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor digitorum brevis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The lumbricals</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The interossei</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor digitorum brevis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor digitorum brevis is situated on the
dorsum of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html">the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> beyond the
inferior part of the extensor retinaculum, lateral to and partly covered by the
tendons of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus tertius</i></a> and <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor digitorum longus</i></a>. It is a thin
muscle arising from the anterior roughened part of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper surface</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">calcaneus
</i>and the deep fascia covering the muscle, including the stem of the inferior
extensor retinaculum. From the small belly, short tendons pass forwards and
medially, the most medial of which crosses the dorsalis pedis artery to insert
separately on to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dorsal aspect</i> of
the base of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proximal phalanx</i> of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">great toe</i>. The remaining three
tendons join the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral </i>side of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dorsal hood</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">second, third and fourth toes</i>. The most medial part of the muscle
may develop a separate belly, sometimes reffered to as extensor hallucis
brevis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This muscle is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deep peroneal nerve</i>, root value L5, S1.
The skin covering the muscle is supplied by roots L5, S1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The medial part of the muscle aids <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor hallucis longus</i></a> in extending
the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint, while the other three tendons
aid <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor digitorum longus</i></a>. As
with the long extensor tendons, extensor digitorum brevis helps the lumbricals
to extend the interphalangeal joints; however, it is unable to do this
independently.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor digitorum brevis will help <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor digitorum longus</i></a> and <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor hallucis longus</i></a> to raise the
toes clear to the ground in running and walking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Place the fingers on the tendon of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor digitorum longus</i></a> as it splits
into its four parts. When the toes are extended, extensor digitorum brevis can
be felt just lateral and deep to the tendon. The tendons are difficult to trace
distally as they become inseparable from those of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor digitorum longus</i></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The lumbricals</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These are four small muscles associated with
the tendons of flexor digitorum longus; they pass from the flexor to the
extensor compartment of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>. The
most medial of these muscles arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial side</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tendon</i>
to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the second toe</i>, adjacent to the
attachment of flexor accessories (quadratus plantae) to the main longus tendon.
The remaining lumbricals arise by two heads from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adjacent sides</i> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">two tendons</i>,
that is the second from the tendons to the second and third toes, the third
from the tendons to the third and fourth toes, and the fourth from the tendons
to the fourth and fifth toes. Each muscle then passes forwards below the deep
transverse metatarsal ligament on the medial side of the toe, winding obliquely
upwards to attach to the medial side of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor
hood</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proximal phalanx</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The first and most medial lumbrical is supplied
by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial plantar nerve</i>, root
value S1, 2, while the lateral three are supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral plantar nerve</i>, root value S2, 3; both being terminal
branches of the tibial nerve. The skin on the dorsum of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> at the point of attachment is supplied by roots L5, S1.
The skin of the plantar aspect of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> overlying the muscles is supplied by the medial and lateral plantar
nerves, which have the same root values as the supply to the muscles. It should
be noted, however, that only the most lateral of the lumbricals has skin over
its plantar aspect.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/lumbricals_zps73b129ff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/lumbricals_zps73b129ff.jpg" width="364" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There has been much discussion about the role
of these small, almost insignificant muscles. They have a long muscle belly
compared with their tendon and they link the flexors of the toes with the
extensors. By their attachment to the proximal phalanx, contraction of the
lumbricals produces flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joint.
However, because they also insert into the extensor hood, the lumbricals extend
the interphalangeal joints. Indeed, this latter action is primarily due to the
lumbricals and not the long and short extensor tendons. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The action of the lumbricals prevents clawing
of the toes in the propulsive phase of gait. Paralysis of these muscles results
in the extensor muscles pulling the toes into hyperextension at the
metatarsophalangeal joint. Even at rest the toes become clawed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The nerves which supply these muscles appear to
have many more fibres than would be necessary for such a small muscle and a
great number of these are sensory. This leads one to believe that they may have
a very important function in providing information related to the tension
developed between the long flexor and extensor muscles. This sort of
information is of great importance in locomotion, especially as the point of
attachment of the lumbricals is a long way from the muscle bellies of the
extensors and flexors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is not possible to palpate these muscles as
they lie deep in the sole of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>
covered by many of the small muscles of the sole and the long flexor tendons.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dorsal interossei</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There are four dorsal interossei, being small
bipennate muscles situated between the metatarsals. Each arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proximal half</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sides</i> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adjacent metatarsals</i>, forming a central tendon which passes
forwards, deep to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament. It passes between
the metatarsal heads to attach to the side of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proximal phalanx</i> and capsule of the metatarsophalangeal joint. The
tendons do not attach to the extensor hood. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The first, or most medial, arises from the
adjacent sides of the first and second metatarsals and attaches to the medial
side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the second toe. The second arises
from the adjacent sides of the second and third metatarsals and it also
attaches to the proximal phalanx of the second toe but to the lateral side. The
third and fourth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dorsal interossei
attach to the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the third and fourth toes
respectively.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All four dorsal interossei are supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral plantar nerve</i>, root value S2, 3,
those in the fourth interosseus space from the superficial branch, and the rest
by the deep branch. The skin covering this area on the dorsum of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> is supplied by root L5 medially
and S1 laterally.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The dorsal interossei abduct the toes at the
metatarsophalangeal joint, however this action, as such, is of little
importance in <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>. Acting with
the plantar interossei, they will produce flexion of the metatarsophalangeal
joint.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The dorsal interossei are powerful little
muscles and their activity in combination with the plantar interossei controls
the direction of the toes during violent activity, thus enabling the long and
short flexors to perform their appropriate actions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These muscles, because of their relationship to
the metatarsophalangeal joint, can flex these joints and so raise the heads of
the second, third and fourth metatarsals, thus helping to maintain the anterior
metatarsal arch. They also help, to a limited extent, with the maintenance of
the medial and lateral longitudinal arches of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Place the finger tips between the proximal
parts of the metatarsals on the dorsum of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>; when the toes are abducted; the muscles can be felt to contract.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/interossei2_zps0019ce18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/interossei2_zps0019ce18.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plantar interossei</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The plantar interossei are smaller than their
dorsal counterparts, fusiform in shape and found in the lateral three
interosseus spaces. Each arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plantar</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial</i> aspect of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proximal end</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shaft</i>
of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">metatarsal</i>. The tendon formed
passes forwards and deep to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament to insert
into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial side</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proximal phalanx</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">same
toe</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All the interossei are supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral plantar nerve</i>, root value S2, 3,
with that in the fourth interosseus space being supplied by the superficial
branch of the nerve. The skin covering the area is supplied on the lateral side
by root S1 and medially by root L5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The plantar interossei adduct the third, fourth
and fifth toes towards the second. In conjunction with the dorsal interossei
they flex the metatarsophalangeal joints of the lateral three toes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">With the help of the dorsal interossei and
abductor digiti minimi, the plantar interossei help to control the position of
the third, fourth and fifth toes during the push-off phase of walking and
running. They also help to prevent splaying of the toes when weight is suddenly
applied to the forefoot.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These muscles are too deep to be palpated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-73879098659466157572013-06-23T21:57:00.003+02:002013-06-23T21:57:42.829+02:00Stefan Mitrovic is the new member of Benfica!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.alo.rs/sport/fudbal/sedmorica-srba-razbija-prokletstvo-benfike/22122"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ORIGINAL LINK</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SR-CYR"><br /></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>“My legs were shakin’ once i stepped on “La Luge”
in Lisabon, and my hands were shaking that much, that I barely signed a
contract with the famous Portugalian Rui Costa. I am currently living my
dream”, says Stefan Mitrovic(23) in one breath, seventh Serb, that will play
this year in the kit of Benfica. </h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Alo! Sprint” practically packed Stefan, with
his wife Kristina, on the road to Lisabon, where they will, with Matic
brothers, Nemanja and Uros, Markovic – Lazar and Phillip, and also with Phillip
Djuricic and Miralem Sulejmani; try to remove “the curse” of “eagles” from
Lisabon, one of the team with the greatest tradition in the world, and to bring
them the title of the Portugal champ, and maybe bring them one of the European
trophies. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><<<<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Once we are at Benfica’s curse, do you believe in that there is some
higher force that doesn’t let them thrill in the end?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- It is all a little bit strange, but me, like
the most of Serbs, don’t believe in these witchcrafts. Maybe that is the reason
why they gathered the seven of us, to remove these witchcrafts – laughed
Mitrovic, that was visited by us on Zvezdara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><<<Are
you in contact with some of teammates in Benfica?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-
Phillip Djuricic and I have the same manager, Oliver Kabrera.He connected us
right away and we saw each other. I also know Lazar Markovic, we played one
against other<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Jelen Superliga. I feel
myself a lot easier when I go to the club that already has my teammates.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><<<How
did you react, when you heard the info that you will go to Benfica, and to whom
did you tell the great news first?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Only one year ago, when I was fighting to
stay in Jelen Superliga, i couldn’t even imagine that I will with 23 years play
for the team from Lisabon. You won’t believe, but with the captain of Kortrijk, Nebojsa Pavlovic, only few days before the deal
with Portugals, I spoke that
I would like to play one day in some club like Liverpool,
Athletic Bilbao or Benfica, but “eagles” are my most popular. And so as
happened. That is why I told first to Nebojsa, and to the team scout of Kortrijk, Ivica
Jerakovic. They couldn’t believe too. Just as I, even today, believe me, I am
not aware of everything, though whole job was finished even in april.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><<<Who
found out first from your family?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- Father Ljubisa, brother Aleksa, <span style="color: #cc0000;"><u><b>godfather and
conditioning coach – Nenad Planic</b></u></span>, and wife’s parents Gaga and Voja. It was a
shock for them too, but they were very happy because of me.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><<<Feeling
sorry for Red Star Belgrade!</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><<<Whose
fan are you in Serbian soccer?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- I am a
huge “delija”. As a kid I passed youth cathegories of Red Star and only few
days before that youth cathegory should sign professional contract, director of
youth school was changed. Except of Mitar Mrkela, Zlatko Krmpotic came and
released us all as non-talented. Road led me then to Rad, then Artmedia, Brno, Kortrijk
and now to Benfica. I feel sorry cause I never wore a kit of Red Star, but who
knows. Maybe this will came true – said Stefan and added that, of course, he
hopes for the call of Serbian national team. </span></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-65276789318668271132013-06-15T08:22:00.002+02:002013-06-15T08:22:26.379+02:00Soccer ball to the face!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-16158791666891111002013-06-03T18:02:00.001+02:002013-06-03T18:02:19.501+02:00Muscles everting the foot<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus longus</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus brevis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus tertius</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus brevis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus brevis is also situated on the lateral
side of the leg enclosed in the same osteofascial compartment. It arises from
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lower two-thirds</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral surface</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a>, the upper half being anterior to
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a>. It also attaches to
the intermuscular septa at all sides. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The muscle belly is fusiform and short, soon
passing into a tendon which accompanies that of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a> to pass behind the lateral malleolus in a common
synovial sheath. The tendon then passes forwards and downwards into a groove
above the peroneal tubercle of the calcaneus, which is converted into a tunnel
by the inferior part of the peroneal retinaculum. It then passes forward to its
insertion into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tubercle</i> on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral side</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fifth metatarsal</i>.
Above the tubercle, the tendon is surrounded by a synovial sheath, which is
separated from that of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a>.
A slip from the tendon usually joins the long extensor to the little toe. Other
separate slips may join <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a>,
or pass to the calcaneus or cuboid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus brevis is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">superficial peroneal nerve</i>, root value
L5, S1. The skin covering the muscle is innervated by L5, S1, 2. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus brevis is an evertor of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>. Because of its course and
attachments, the pull of its tendon is in such a direction to produce
plantarflexion of the ankle at the same time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/peronei_zpsb29aaabb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/peronei_zpsb29aaabb.jpg" width="580" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This muscle is also well-positioned to prevent
sideways sway in the standing position. In standing on one leg, it will help to
prevent the body falling to the opposite side, thus working with a reversed
origin and insertion. In walking or running, especially over the rough ground,
it plays an important role in controlling the position of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html">foot</a> </i>and should prevent the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> from becoming too inverted. In many
cases, however, this mechanism does not always appear to work correctly, and
the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> over-inverts causing the
weight to come down on the lateral side of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> forcing the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>
into further inversion. This can severely damage or even snap the tendon of the
muscle and often the anterior talofibular ligament of the ankle joint.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If the fingers are placed on the belly of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a> and then moved downwards
to the lower half of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a> (but
in the same vertical line), the belly of peroneus brevis can be palpated when
the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> is everted and
plantarflexed. Its tendon can easily be traced to the groove just above the
peroneal tubercle and then forwards to its insertion into the tubercle of the
fifth metatarsal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-8422659707432182812013-05-31T11:16:00.000+02:002013-05-31T11:16:01.671+02:00Top 10 Own Goals HD <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-30744294995187932652013-05-31T11:12:00.003+02:002013-05-31T11:12:45.996+02:00Top 10 header goals!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-19293333371035676542013-05-29T14:48:00.000+02:002013-05-29T14:48:05.517+02:00Muscles inverting the foot<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-dorsiflexing-ankle.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis anterior </span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis posterior</span></b></a></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-1866901410289626022013-05-29T14:45:00.002+02:002013-05-29T14:45:51.010+02:00Muscles dorsiflexing the ankle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis anterior</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor digitorum longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor hallucis longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus tertius</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis anterior</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis anterior is a long fusiform muscle
situated on the front of the leg lateral to the anterior border of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a>. It is covered by strong fascia
and gains its upper attachment from the deep surface of this fascia, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper two-thirds</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral surface</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a> and the adjoining part of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interosseus membrane</i>. The muscle becomes
tendinous in its lower third, passing downwards and medially over the distal
end of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a>. The tendon
continues through both the superior and inferior extensor retinaculae to insert
into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial side</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial cuneiform</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">first metatarsal</i>, the insertion reaching the under surface of both
bones to blend with that of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This muscle is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deep peroneal nerve</i>, root value L4, 5.
The skin covering the muscle is also supplied by roots L4, 5. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis anterior is a dorsiflexor of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> at the ankle joint. When working
with <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibialis posterior</i></a> it acts as an
invertor of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>, in which the
sole of the<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> is turned to face
medially.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/tibialisanterior_zps691ea2cd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/tibialisanterior_zps691ea2cd.jpg" width="282" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As with other muscles in the leg, tibialis
anterior is concerned with balancing the body on the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>. It works with the surrounding muscles to maintain body
balance during activities of the upper part of the body which change the
distribution of weight. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Not only is tibialis anterior responsible for
dorsiflexing the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> as the lower
limb is carried forward during the swing-through phase of walking, so
preventing the toes catching the ground, it also controls the placement of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> on the ground following initial
ground contact by the heel. On close observation, especially in slow motion, it
will be seen that the heel does not strike the ground and remain immobile at
the initiation of the stance phase, but glides on to the surface and acts as
the first braking force of the lower limb’s forward movement. Overactivity of
tibialis anterior accounts for the wear patterns seen on the posterolateral
aspect of the heel, due to the frictional forces between the shoe and the
ground. The rest of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> is then
gradually lowered to the ground in a controlled manner taking up the
undulations of the surface concerned. The landing of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html">foot</a> </i>on the ground is similar to the landing of an aeroplane; the
main wheels touch down first applying the initial braking force followed by a
controlled lowering of the front of the craft as the speed decreases. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis anterior in association with the other
dorsiflexors, therefore, plays an important part in the lowering of the
forefoot to the ground in walking or running and will be put under stress in
extended activity particularly over rough terrain. The anterior calf muscles
are enclosed in particularly tight fascia which allows very little expansion of
the tissues. The result is a compression of the muscle during activity and a
dragging on the attachments of the surrounding fascia, particularly where it
attaches to the bone. This leads to a painful condition of this area commonly
called “shin splints”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Paralysis of tibialis anterior causes footdrop
because the remaining dorsiflexors are not strong enough to raise the toes and
so prevent them dragging along the ground. The patient may overcome this by
flexing the knee more than normal during walking or by fitting a “toe-raise”
orthosis to patients or their shoe. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Both the muscle belly and tendon can be seen
and felt when the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> is dorsiflexed
against resistance, the tendon being the most medial at the ankle joint. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor digitorum longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor digitorum longus is again situated on
the anterior aspect of the leg, being lateral to tibialis anterior, and
overlying extensor hallucis longus. It has a linear origin from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper-two thirds</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anterior surface</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a>, the deep fascia and the upper
part of the interosseus membrane with its upper fibres reaching across the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral condyle</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a> in conjunction with those of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/05/muscles-plantarflexing-ankle-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peroneus longus</i></a>. It is a pennate muscle
with the tendon appearing on the medial side; the muscle fibres pass downwards
and medially to reach it. The tendon passes over the front of the ankle joint
deep to the superior extensor retinaculum and then through the loop of inferior
extensor retinaculum accompanied by peroneus tertius. At the level of the
inferior extensor retinaculum or immediately distal, it gives rise to four
tendons which run to the lateral four toes. The four separate tendons are
enclosed in a common synovial sheath at the level of the inferior extensor
retinaculum. On the dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx, each tendon forms a
triangular membranous expansion, known as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extensor hood</i> (dorsal digital expansion). Each hood is joined on
its medial side by the tendon of the lumbrical and on the lateral side for the
second to fourth toes by the tendon of extensor digitorum brevis. The
interossei of the foot do not have an attachment to the extensor hood. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As the hood passes forwards over the proximal
phalanx it divides into three parts before reaching the dorsum of the proximal
interphalangeal joint. The central portion attaches to the base of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">middle phalanx</i>, while the two outer
portions unite before inserting on to the base of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">distal phalanx</i>. An attachment of the extensor hood to the dorsal
aspect of the proximal phalanx has also been described.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This muscle is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deep peroneal nerve</i>, root value L5, S1.
The skin covering the muscle is supplied by root L5. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As its name implies, extensor digitorum longs
is an extensor of the lateral four toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, and
also assists in extension at the interphalangeal joints. However it is unable
to perform the latter action unaided, which is primarily performed by the
lumbricals. If the lumbricals are paralysed, extensor digitorum longus produces
hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint, while the interphalangeal
joints become flexed. As the muscle passes across the front of the ankle joint,
it also aids in dorsiflexion of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">During walking and running extensor digitorum
longus draws the toes upwards after they have been flexed prior to toe-off, and
keeps them clear of the ground until the heel and foot make contact with the
ground again. Unfortunately, the lateral four toes in most individuals tend to
be flexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint and extended at the distal
interphalangeal joint. Consequently extensor digitorum longus will lift the
toes in this adapted position.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The muscle belly is easily palpated on the
anterolateral aspect of the leg. From the head of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a> on the lateral side of the leg, just below the knee joint,
run the fingers downwards and medially for about 2cm. When raising the toes off
the floor, the muscle can be felt contracting. Now place the fingers over the
front of the ankle joint; the tendon can be identified standing out clearly,
being lateral to those of tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus. From
here the tendon can now either be traced upwards, under the superior part of
the extensor retinaculum to join the muscle belly, or downwards where it breaks
up into four individual tendons running towards each of the lateral four toes.
Each tendon stands clear of the metatarsophalangeal joint as it passes towards
the dorsum of the toe. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor hallucis longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor hallucis longus is situated deep to
and between tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus on the front of the
leg. Arising from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">middle half</i> of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anterior surface</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a> and the adjacent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interosseus membrane</i>, the muscle fibres
pass downwards and medially to the tendon which forms on its anterior surface.
In this respect it is a unipennate muscle. The tendon passes under the superior
extensor retinaculum, through the upper part of the inferior extensor
retinaculum in a separate compartment enclosed in its own synovial sheath, and
then deep to the lower band of the inferior extensor retinaculum on its way
towards the base of the great toe. Generally, the tendon does not form a fully
developed extensor hood but passes to attach to the base of the distal phalanx
on its dorsal surface. Tendinous slips may be given off to the dorsal aspect of
the base of the proximal phalanx and the first metatarsal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extensor hallucis longus is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deep peroneal nerve</i>, root value L5, S1.
The skin covering this area is supplied by roots L4, 5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As its name implies, extensor hallucis longus
will extend all of the joints of the great toe, but mainly the
metatarsophalangeal joint. It is also a powerful dorsiflexor of the<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> at the ankle joint. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/extensorhallucislongus_zps759a5e2a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/extensorhallucislongus_zps759a5e2a.jpg" width="230" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In running, the great toe is the last part of
the foot to leave the ground and therefore the final thrust will come from the
long flexors of the toes. After this, the toe must be brought back into the
extended position at the same time as the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>
is dorsiflexed and slightly inverted, ready for the heel to be placed on the
ground for the next weightbearing phase. By extending the great toe and
dorsiflexing the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>, clearance of
the surface is also achieved. It should be noted that the great toe does not
have a lumbrical muscle or interossei associated with it. Consequently, extension
of the interphalangeal joint depends entirely on extensor hallucis longus.
Paralysis of the muscle will result in flexion of the joint and buckling of the
toe during the last phase of gait, due to the unopposed action of the flexor
muscles. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If the great toe is extended, the tendon of the
muscle is clearly visible as it crosses the first metatarsophalangeal joint to
its insertion into the base of the distal phalanx. Trace the fingers up the
tendon; it can be felt and seen crossing the anterior aspect of the ankle joint
lateral to the tendon of tibialis anterior. From here the tendon can be felt
passing upwards and laterally before passing deep to the surrounding muscles.
Continue to move the fingers upwards for another 12cm and allow them pass a
little laterally; when the great toe is rhythmically extended and flexed, the
muscle can just be felt contracting under the fingers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus tertius</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus tertius is situated on the lower
lateral aspect of the leg and appears to have been part of extensor digitorum
longus. It arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">front</i> of
the lower quarter of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a> in
continuation with the attachment of extensor digitorum longus (with no gap
between them), and from the intermuscular septum and adjoining fascia. Its
fibres pass downwards and laterally into a tendon which passes deep to the
superior and through the inferior extensor retinacula to insert into the medial
and dorsal aspect of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fifth metatarsal</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus tertius is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deep peroneal nerve</i>, root value L5, S1.
The area of skin covering the muscle is also supplied by roots L5, S1. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/peroneustertius_zpsdf056172.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/peroneustertius_zpsdf056172.jpg" width="149" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The muscle acts as a weak evertor and
dorsiflexor of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> at the ankle
joint.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is difficult to assess the importance of
this small muscle as its actions appear to be covered by other muscles which
have a much better mechanical leverage. Indeed in some subjects it is absent.
It does, however, pass over the anterior talofibular ligament of the ankle
joint, and it is well-known that this is very often damaged in inversion
injuries. It is therefore well placed to help prevent too much inversion during
sports activities, for example, and may be responsible for keeping down the
number of injuries. Unfortunately, the muscle is often torn and may be
completely ruptured during violent inversion, which is the cause of
considerable pain and swelling. It is possible that with the attainment of
bidepalism, peroneus tertius is assuming a more important role because eversion
of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> is a peculiarly human
characteristic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus tertius is very difficult to palpate.
However, it can be felt by drawing the fingers downwards from the anterior part
of the lateral malleolus into the small hollow found there. The tendon can be
felt crossing the lateral part of the hollow to its insertion into the medial
side of the base of the fifth metatarsal. Take care not to confuse the tendon
of peroneus tertius with that of peroneus brevis, which lies lateral to this
point as it passes forwards to insert into the tubercle on the lateral side of
the fifth metatarsal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-66866790614698468682013-05-27T23:16:00.001+02:002013-05-27T23:16:42.104+02:00Muscles plantarflexing the ankle joint<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastrocnemius</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Soleus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plantaris</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis posterior</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastrocnemius</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The shape of the calf is mainly due to the two
fleshy bellies of gastrocnemius( figure a), being situated on the back of the
leg with its muscle bulk mainly in the upper half. Together with soleus and
plantaris, gastrocnemius forms a composite muscle referred to as the triceps
surae. The two heads of gastrocnemius form the lower boundaries of the
popliteal fossa, which can only really be seen when the knee is flexed. The two
heads arise from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral condyles</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a>: the medial head, from behind the medial <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supracondylar ridge</i> and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adductor tubercle</i> on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">popliteal surface</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html">the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">femur</i></a>, the lateral head from the outer
surface of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral condyle</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a>
just above the behind the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral
epicondyle</i>. Each head has an additional attachment from the capsule of the
knee joint and from the oblique popliteal ligament, below which each head is
separated from the capsule by a bursa. The bursa associated with the medial
head often communicates with the knee joint: that under the lateral head rarely
does. There is often a sesamoid bone, the flabella, in the lateral head as it
crosses the lateral condyle of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a>.
Less commonly there may be one associated with the medial head. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From each head a fleshy bulk of muscle fibers
arise which gradually come together, although not actually blending with each
other, to insert into the posterior surface of a broad membranous tendon which
fuses with the tendon of soleus to form the upper part of the tendocalcaneus.
This broad tendon gradually narrows, becoming more rounded until it reaches
about three fingers’ breadth above the calcaneus, where it begins to expand
again and continues to do so, until its insertion into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">middle part</i> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the posterior
surface</i> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the calcaneus</i>. A bursa
lies between the tendon and the upper part of the calcaneus while a pad of fat
lies between the tendon and the posterior aspect of the ankle joint. Inferior
to the insertion is the fat pad of the heel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Each head of gastrocnemius is supplied by a
branch from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the tibial nerve</i>, root
value S1, 2. The area of skin covering the muscle has roots L4, 5, S2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastrocnemius, together with soleus, is the
chief plantarflexor of the ankle joint. It provides the propelling force for
locomotion. As it crosses the knee joint, gastrocnemius is also a powerful
flexor of that joint. However, it is not able to exert its full power on both
joints simultaneously. For example, if the knee is flexed, gastrocnemius cannot
exert maximum power at the ankle joint and vice versa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In running, walking and jumping gastrocnemius
provides a considerable amount of the propulsive force. When one considers the
power needed to throw the body into the air, triceps surae must be one of the
most powerful muscle groups in the body.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The habitual wearing of shoes with a high heel
can cause considerable shortening of the fibres of gastrocnemius, as the two
attachments of the muscle fibers are brought closer together. If shortening has
occurred, difficulty in walking in flat shoes or bare feet may be experienced
due to limited dorsiflexion at the ankle joint.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/misicilista_zps742794d5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="383" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/misicilista_zps742794d5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Soleus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This muscle is situated deep to gastrocnemius,
being a broad flat muscle wider in its middle section and narrower below
(figure b). It arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">soleal
line</i> on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">posterior surface</i> of
the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a>, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">posterior surface</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper
third</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the fibula</i></a> (including
the head) and a fibrous arch between these bony attachments. The fibres pass
downwards, forming a belly about half way down the calf to the deep surface of
a membranous tendon which faces posteriorly. This tendon glides over a similar
one on the deep surface of gastrocnemius, thereby enabling independent movement
of the two muscles to occur. Inferiorly the two tendons fuse to form the upper
part of the tendocalcaneus, which passes behind the ankle joint to insert into
the middle part of the posterior surface of the calcaneus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Soleus is supplied by two branches from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the tibial nerve</i>, root value S1, 2, one
of which arises in the popliteal fossa and enters the superficial surface of
the muscle, while the other arises in the calf entering the deep surface. The
skin over the region of the muscle is predominantly supplied by root S2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Soleus is one of two main plantarflexors of the
ankle joint. It is so placed to prevent the body falling forwards at the ankle
joint during standing, and as such is an important postural muscle.
Intermittent contraction of the muscle during standing aids venous return(the
soleal pump) due to the communicating vessels joining the deep and superficial
venous systems which pass through its substance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plantaris</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plantaris(picture c) is a long, slender muscle
which is variable in its composition. It may have one muscle belly high up in
the calf, or two smaller bellies separated by a tendon. It arises from the
lowest part of the lateral supracondylar ridge, the adjacent part of the
popliteal surface of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a> and
the knee joint capsule. The tendon passes obliquely downwards between
gastrocnemius and soleus to emerge on the medial side of the tendocalcaneus. It
may insert into the tendocalcaneus or into the medial side of the posterior
surface of the calcaneus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The supply to plantaris is from the tibial
nerve, root value S1, 2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plantaris is a weak flexor of the knee and
plantarflexor of the ankle joint.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The tendocalcaneus (Achilles tendon)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is considered to be the thickest and
strongest tendon in the body, being the tendon by which the calf muscles exert
their force on the posterior part of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> during the propulsive phase of many activities, for example, walking,
running and jumping. It has been suggested that the tendocalcaneus is able to
withstand strains of up to 10 tons. As its fibres pass downwards they spiral
through some 90°, with the medial fibres passing posteriorly. This unusual
arrangement is thought to explain the apparent elastic qualities of the tendon.
For example, when jumping the body will land in an upright position with <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i> </a>held in plantarflexion by the
active triceps surae. The strain is then taken by the tendocalcaneus which
produces a recoil effect.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity of the calf muscles</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The action of the calf muscles as a whole is to
plantarflex <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> at the ankle
joint. Gastrocnemius acts as the propelling force, working mainly on the ankle
but also producing flexion of the knee if working strongly enough. The soleus,
on the other hand, is better situated to act more as a postural muscle. This is
because its lower attachment is the fixed point and prevents the leg from
falling forwards under the influence of body weight, because the vertical
projection from the centre of gravity of the body falls in front of the ankle
joint.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastrocnemius is composed of muscle fibres
which give it a pale appearance; consequently it is often referred to as
“white” muscle, whereas; the soleus has fibres which give it a red appearance
and is therefore termed a “red” muscle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plantaris takes very little in plantarflexion
of the ankle and, in fact, sometimes causes pain and disability when it is
torn. This condition is referred to as “tennis leg”, occurring during a game of
tennis, when the player believes that he or she has been struck on the back of
the calf by a tennis ball. The tendon is often completely ruptured and may have
to be surgically removed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation
of the calf muscles</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When standing, draw your hand down the back of
the knee. The two large muscular bellies of gastrocnemius can be felt on either
side of the upper part of the calf. The medial head projects slightly higher
and lower than the lateral. Both can be felt joining a board flattened tendon
just over half way down the calf. The junction between the muscle fibres and
the tendon is very clear and it is along this line that many injuries of the
calf occur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Soleus is not quite so easy to palpate being
deep to gastrocnemius, its lateral boundary appearing as a flattened elevation
below and lateral to the lateral head of gastrocnemius when the ankle is
plantarflexed. When standing on tiptoe, soleus can be seen and felt to bulge
either side of gastrocnemius. Passing the hand further down the calf it will
encounter the flattened tendocalcaneus, which is felt to narrow and become
rounded at the level of the ankle joint. It then expands slightly to its
insertion into the middle section of the posterior surface of the calcaneus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus longus(picture a) is situated on the
lateral side of the leg, being a long, thin fusiform muscle with a long belly
and an even longer tendon. It is also quite unique in as much as the tendon
changes direction three times on its way to its insertion on the medial side of
the sole of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i>.</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It arises from a small area on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral condyle</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the tibia</i></a>( in conjunction with extensor digitorum longus) and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper two-thirds</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral surface</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the fibula</i></a>, its lower half lying behind the upper part of the
origin from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral side</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">head</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a>, leaving a small area around the neck for the anterior
passage of the common peroneal nerve. In front and behind, it attaches to the
intermuscular septa and to the fascia surrounding the muscle. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The tendon forms about a hand’s breadth above
the lateral malleolus and lies superficial to that of peroneus brevis, sharing
the same synovial sheath. It runs in a shallow groove behind the lateral
malleolus passing deep to the superior peroneal retinaculum. From here, the
tendon passes downwards and slightly forwards to pass below the peroneal
tubercle on the calcaneus, being held in position by the inferior band of the
peroneal retinaculum. At this point the tendon is enclosed in a separate synovial
sheath. As it reaches the inferolateral side of the cuboid, which it grooves,
the tendon turns to enter the groove on the inferior aspect of the cuboid. This
groove is converted into a tunnel by fibres from the long plantar ligament and
tibialis posterior tendon, whilst in this tunnel the tendon is still surrounded
by a synovial sheath. The tunnel conveys the tendon forwards and medially
across <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> to its final
attachment to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plantar</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral surfaces</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial cuneiform</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">first metatarsal</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/peroneuslongus_zps7b13b8c9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/peroneuslongus_zps7b13b8c9.jpg" width="188" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peroneus longus is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">superficial peroneal nerve</i>, root value
L5, S1. The skiin covering the muscle is supplied by L5, S1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The muscle is an obvious evertor of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> because of the fact that it
arises from the lateral side of the leg and passes around the lateral side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>. In passing from behind the
lateral malleolus to the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal, peroneus longus
will produce plantarflexion of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>,
with the medial side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>
being particularly drawn downwards, as in pronation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is worth noting that the insertion of this
muscle is to the same two bones as tibialis anterior, although the latter
muscle approaches its insertion from the medial side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>. This is believed to provide a stirrup for the arches of
the foot and help control their height during activity. The attachment of both
muscles to the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal certainly
emphasizes the importance of control of the medial side of the foot in
activity, particularly when dealing with uneven terrain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In standing, peroneus longus, in company with
other surrounding muscles, helps to maintain the erect position. It controls
sideways sway by pressing the medial side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> on to the ground. This function is better seen and
appreciated when standing on one leg when peroneus longus works very hard to
maintain the leg over <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> and
prevent the body falling to the opposite side. Its main functional activity,
however, must be during powerful action of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> as in running, particularly over rough ground. Here, its control,
together with that of tibialis anterior, over the medial side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> and the first
metatarsal(carrying the great toe), must be vital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When sitting, place the fingers on the lateral
side of the knee joint and locate the head of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the fibula</i></a> just below the joint level. The tendon of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">biceps femoris</i></a> can be identified coming
from the back of the thigh. Run the fingers downwards, keeping the tip of the
index finger on the head of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the fibula</i></a>
spreading the rest of the finger tips down the lateral side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the fibula</i></a>. Keeping the fingers in this
position, lift up the outer side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>. The long vertical belly can be felt contracting. If the fingers are
now taken down to the lateral malleolus and placed below and behind it and the
same manoeuvre is performed, the two tendons of peroneus longus and brevis can
be palpated and can be traced to the peroneal tubercle where they part, the
longus passing below and the brevis passing above. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis posterior</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis posterior is the deepest muscle on the
back of the leg. It arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper
half </i>of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral aspect</i> of the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">posterior surface</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a> below the soleal line, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interosseus membrane</i>, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">posterior surface</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a> between the medial crest and
interosseus border, and the fascia covering it posteriorly. The tendon,
enclosed in its own synovial sheath, passes behind the medial malleolus
grooving it, being medial to flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum
longus. It lies superficial to the deltoid ligament. Lying inferior to the
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, the tendon passes downward to attach
principally to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tubercle </i>on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial side</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">navicular</i> and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plantar
surface </i>of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial cuneiform</i>.
Tendinous expansions pass to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plantar
surfaces</i> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all the tarsal bones</i>
except the talus, although a strip passes back to the tip of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sustentaculum tali</i>, and the bases of the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">middle three metatarsals</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/tibialisposterior_zps7c126433.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/tibialisposterior_zps7c126433.jpg" width="344" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis posterior is supplied by a branch of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibial nerve</i>, root value L4, 5.
The skin over the area on the back of the calf is supplied by root S2. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis posterior is the main invertor of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>, acting in conjunction with
tibialis anterior. By its attachment to the tubercle of the navicular, it pulls
upwards and inwards and therefore rotates the forefoot so that the plantar
aspect faces medially. It must be noted that inversion and eversion of the foot
involve movement at the midtarsal joint, whereby the navicular and cuboid move
on the head of the talus and the calcaneus respectively.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The muscle is also a plantarflexor of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> at the ankle joint, but its
contribution is small; gastrocnemius and soleus are better situated and have a
more direct line of action. Nevertheless, if the tendocalcaneus is ruptured,
then tibialis posterior can produce plantarflexion. Because of its attachments
to both the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a> and <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fibula</i></a>, contraction of tibialis
posterior will tend to bring the two bones closer together. Consequently,
during plantarflexion, the malleoli are approximated to maintain their firm
grip on the narrower posterior part of the trochlear surface of the talus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tibialis posterior will help to maintain the
balance of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the tibia</i></a> on <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>, particularly when body weight
is tending to move laterally. Being a strong invertor, it controls the forefoot
in walking and running by positioning <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> so that the medial arch is not completely flattened. Its many
tendinous expansions help to maintain all the various arches of the foot.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is quite impossible to palpate the belly of
the muscle due to the other muscles covering it. It is however quite easy to
feel the tendon of the muscle as it passes behind the medial malleolus and
particularly as it attaches to the tubercle of the navicular. When lying
supine, the tendon can be felt and seen behind the medial malleolus when
inversion of the plantarflexed foot against resistance is attempted. From just
above the flexor retinaculum to its insertion, it is surrounded by a synovial
sheath and it is in this area that the tendon can become quite painful if the
muscle has been overactive. The pain is sharp and knife-like and is termed
tenosynovitis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum longus is situated on the back
of the calf deep to soleus for most of its course. It arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial part</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">posterior surface</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html">tibia</a>
</i>below the soleal line, and from the deep transverse fascia surrounding it.
The tendon forms about three fingers’ breadth above the medial malleolus, lying
next to that of tibialis posterior, which has crossed anterior to it to come to
lie on its medial side, and medial to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus.
Passing deep to the flexor retinaculum the tendon lies in its own synovial
sheath along the medial aspect of the sustentaculum tali, sometimes grooving
it, to enter the sole of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>
deep to abductor hallucis. Passing forwards and laterally, it crosses the tendon
of flexor hallucis longus (on its plantar aspect) and usually receives a slip
from that tendon which passes into the medial two of its four digitations.
About half way along the sole, on its lateral side, the tendon is joined by
flexor accessories(quadratus plantae) and at this point breaks up into its four
individual tendons; one for each of the lateral four toes. Just distal to the
attachment of flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae) the lumbrical muscles
arise. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Just distal to the metatarsophalangeal joint,
the tendons enter their respective fibrous sheaths, together with the
appropriate tendon of flexor digitorum brevis which lies superficial to it. The
tendon of brevis then splits to enable that of longus to pass through and reach
the plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx where it inserts. Both
tendons share a common synovial sheath.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/flexordigitorumlongus2_zps6426fbc6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/flexordigitorumlongus2_zps6426fbc6.jpg" width="326" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum longus is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibial nerve</i>, root value L5, S1, 2. The
skin covering this area on the medial and posterior aspect of the calf and the
sole is supplied by roots L4, 5, S1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor digitorum longus flexes the lateral four
toes. It flexes the distal interphalangeal joints first, then the proximal
interphalangeal joints and finally the metatarsophalangeal joints. Its course
behind the medial malleolus means that flexor digitorum longus also helps to
plantarflex the foot at the ankle joint. With the ankle plantarflexed, its
flexing action on the toes is diminished.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the propulsive phase of running, jumping or
walking, flexor digitorum longus pulls the toes firmly downwards towards the
ground to get the maximum grip and thrust during the toe-off phase. When the
body is in the standing position, the toes tend to grip the ground to improve
the balance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This muscle is very difficult to distinguish as
its origin is deep to soleus in the calf, while its tendons in <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a>, with the lumbricals, lie
deeply. However, with care, the tendon can just be identified as it passes
alongside the sustentaculum tali. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis longus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis longus is a powerful pinnate
muscle situated deep to triceps surae below the deep fascia of the calf. It
arises from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lower two-thirds</i> of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">posterior surface</i> of the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/fibula.html">fibula</a></i> and from the adjacent fascia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The muscle fibers pass to a central tendon
which lies on its superficial surface, with those on the lateral side extending
lower. The tendon passes downwards, deep to the flexor retinaculum in its own
synovial sheath, to cross the posterior aspect of the ankle joint lying lateral
to flexor digitorum longus. During its course, it grooves the lower end of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a>, the back of the talus (between
the medial and posterior tubercles) and the inferior surface of the
sustentaculum tali, where it is held in position by a synovial-lined fibrous
sheath which forms a tunnel for it to run through.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the sole of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>, the tendon lies superficial to the plantar calcaneonavicular
ligament lying lateral to the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus. As it passes
forwards, the tendon of flexor hallucis longus crosses deep to that of flexor
digitorum longus, and in doing so usually gives a slip to its medial two
tendons. It then enters the fibrous digital sheath of the great toe, passing
between the two sesamoid bones situated on either side of the base of the
proximal phalanx, to insert into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plantar
surface</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">distal phalanx</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/flexorhallucislongus_zpsc5d6db75.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/flexorhallucislongus_zpsc5d6db75.jpg" width="376" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis longus is supplied by a branch
of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibial nerve</i>, root value S1,
2. The skin covering this area is supplied by root S2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis longus flexes all of the joints
of the great toe. It first acts on the interphalangeal joint and then the
metatarsophalangeal joint. As it crosses the ankle joint, it helps to produce
plantarflexion of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flexor hallucis longus is of great importance
in that it produces much of the final thrust from the foot during walking. At
this point in the gait cycle, the calf has already produced its maximum power
and the flexors of the lateral four toes are just completing their maximum
contraction. Flexion of the great toe is thus the final act before <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the foot</i></a> is lifted from the ground ready
for the next step. It must also be remembered that the muscle is an important
factor in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Once again, flexor hallucis longus is almost
impossible to palpate as it lies deep to the calf muscles, flexor retinaculum,
plantar aponeurosis and the muscles in the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>.
Its tendon is set both deep within the calf and the plantar aspect of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-71215998920464981762013-05-25T23:05:00.003+02:002013-05-25T23:05:52.756+02:00The worst ever own goal in football history!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/jhiYIW1dKDw?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br /></div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-1058530012919534092013-05-04T19:19:00.002+02:002013-05-04T19:19:18.410+02:00Muscles medially rotating the tibia at the knee joint<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Semimembranosus</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Semitendinosus</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-adducting-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gracilis </span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sartorius</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popliteus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/semimembranosus_zpsfa012408.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/semimembranosus_zpsfa012408.jpg" width="290" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popliteus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popliteus is a triangularly shaped muscle
situated deep in the popliteal fossa, below and lateral to the knee joint. It
arises within the joint capsule from a tendinous attachment from the anterior
aspect of the groove on the outer surface of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral condyle</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">femur</i></a>,
below the lateral epicondyle and the attachment of the fibular collateral
ligament. The tendon passes backwards, downwards and medially, crossing the
line of the joint over the outer border of the lateral meniscus to which it is
attached. This upper part, within the capsule of the knee joint, is enveloped
in a double layer of synovial membrane until it leaves the capsule under the
arcuate popliteal ligament, from which it has a fleshy origin. Continuing
downwards and medially, popliteus attaches by fleshy fibres to a triangular
area on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">posterior surface</i> of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a> above the soleal line, and the
fascia covering the muscle. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popliteus is supplied by a branch from the
tibial <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">division of the sciatic nerve</i>,
root value L5, which enters the muscle on its anterior surface after winding
around its inferolateral border. The skin covering the area is supplied mainly
by S2. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popliteus laterally rotates the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">femur</i></a> on the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a> when the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> is on
the ground, thus releasing the knee from its closepacked or locked position
allowing the knee to flex. By exerting a backward pull on the lateral surface
of the lateral condyle of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">femur</i></a>,
the condyle is rotated laterally about a vertical axis running through it just
medial to its centre. This allows the medial condyle of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">femur</i></a> to glide forward, releasing the
ligaments and muscles involved in its closepacked position.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When strong flexion of the knee is required,
popliteus comes into action, drawing the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a>
backwards on the femoral condyles, and if the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a> is off the ground, it will aid the medial hamstrings in medial
rotation of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Through its attachments to the lateral
meniscus, it pulls the meniscus backwards during lateral rotation of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">femur</i></a>, preventing it from being trapped
between the moving bones. This is believed by some authorities to be the reason
for the lateral meniscus being damaged much less frequently than the medial. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/levosavijenokoleno_zpse033d0e4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/levosavijenokoleno_zpse033d0e4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-11438546037477858712013-05-04T19:06:00.002+02:002013-05-04T19:06:07.561+02:00Muscles laterally rotating the tibia at the knee joint<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Biceps femoris</span></b></a></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-37354265600327586242013-05-03T12:04:00.003+02:002013-05-03T12:04:44.129+02:00Football Funny Moments - Of All Time! <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-62384321756187159152013-05-02T23:36:00.002+02:002013-05-02T23:36:18.653+02:00Muscles extending the knee joint<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rectus femoris</span></b></a></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quadriceps femoris</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus lateralis</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus medialis</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus intermedius</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-abducting-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tensor fasciae latae</span></b></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Quadriceps femoris is the large muscle bulk on
the anterior surface of the thigh. As its name implies, it is composed of four
main parts. One part, rectus femoris, has its origin above <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-innominate-hip-bone.html">hip</a></i> joint, while the other three parts take origin from the
shaft of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a>. All four join
together around <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the patella</i></a> to form a
thick strong tendon called the ligamentum patellae, which inserts into the
tibial tuberosity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus lateralis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus lateralis is situated on the
anterolateral aspect of the thigh, lateral to rectus femoris. It has an
extensive linear attachment from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper
lateral</i> part of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">intertrochanteric
line</i>, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lower border</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">greater trochanter</i>, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral side</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gluteal tuberosity</i> and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper
half</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral lip</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">linea aspera</i>. It also attaches to the
fascia lata and lateral intermuscular septum. From this origin the muscle
fibres run downwards and forwards with those at the top passing almost
vertically downwards. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The muscle bulk is mainly situated in the upper
half of the lateral side of the thigh, from which a broad tendon arises which
narrows down as it approaches the lateral side of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the patella</i></a>. This tendon inserts into the tendon of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rectus femoris</i></a> and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral border of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html">the patella</a></i>. Some fibres pass to the front of the
lateral condyle of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a> blending
with the iliotibial tract helping to form the expansion which finally attaches
to the line running towards the tibial tuberosity. To a large extent this part
of its attachment replaces the knee joint capsule in this region.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/vastuslateralisandmedialis_zpsfdc1d5c6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/vastuslateralisandmedialis_zpsfdc1d5c6.jpg" width="278" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus medialis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus medialis is situated on the anteromedial
aspect of the thigh, medial to <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html">rectus femoris</a>, with most of its bulk showing at
the lower third just above <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the patella</i></a>.
It has an extensive linear origin from a line beginning at the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lower medial</i> end of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">intertrochanteric line</i>, running downwards
around the medial aspect of the upper end of the shaft on the spiral line, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial lip</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">linea aspera</i>, continuing on to the upper two-thirds of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial supracondylar line</i>, the medial
intermuscular septum and the tendon of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-adducting-hip-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adductor magnus</i></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Its upper fibres pass mainly downwards, whilst
its lower fibres tend to pass almost horizontally forwards. These two sets of
fibres which make up vastus medialis are considered by some to be anatomically
and functionally distinct, with the oblique fibres being called vastus medialis
obliquus. The muscle attaches to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tendon
of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html">rectus femoris</a></i>, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial border</i>
of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the patella</i></a>, and the front of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">medial condyle of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html">the tibia</a></i>. The
expansions which pass across the knee joint to attach to <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the tibia</i></a> replace the joint capsule in this region and become fused
with the deep fascia. This attachment also runs to the tibial tuberosity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus intermedius</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vastus intermedius is the deepest part of
quadriceps femoris lying between vastus lateralis and medialis, and deep to
rectus femoris.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It arises by fleshy fibres from the upper
two-thirds of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anterior</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lateral</i> surfaces of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a>, its fibres pass downwards to form a broad tendon on its
more superficial aspect. This attaches to the deep surface of the tendons of
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html">rectus femoris</a> and the other vastus muscles, and to the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> base</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the patella</i></a>. In
the middle of the thigh, vastus intermedius is difficult to separate from
vastus lateralis, while lower down it is impossible to separate from vastus
medialis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/vastusintermedius_zps2c882fe6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://i1251.photobucket.com/albums/hh551/vladimirzec/Anatomija%20ljudskog%20pokreta/vastusintermedius_zps2c882fe6.jpg" width="288" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Articularis
genus</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Some of the deep fibres
of vastus intermedius, arising from a small area on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the inferior third of the anterior surface</i> of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a>, pass downwards to attach to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper part</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">suprapatellar
bursa</i> of the knee joint which lies deep to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vastus intermedius</i>. These fibres are the articularis genus. Its
main function is to prevent the synovial membrane becoming trapped and
interfering with the normal movements of the knee joint.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ligamentum patellae</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All four of quadriceps tendons contribute to the
formation of the ligamentum patellae. It runs from the apex of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the patella</i></a> to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upper part</i> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibial
tuberosity</i> acting as the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris
muscle. The patella is really a sesamoid bone in the tendon of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html">rectus femoris</a>
and vastus intermedius helping to relay the pull of the quadriceps over the
front of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nerve
supply</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Quadriceps femoris, including articularis
genus, is supplied by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">femoral nerve</i>,
root value L2, 3, 4. The skin covering the quadriceps is supplied by L2, 3. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Quadriceps femoris</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Action</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Although rectus femoris is part of the
quadriceps femoris group, by crossing anterior to the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-innominate-hip-bone.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hip</i></a> joint it also flexes the thigh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Quadriceps femoris is the main extensor of the
knee joint. Rectus femoris crosses in front of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-innominate-hip-bone.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hip</i></a> joint and therefore is also a flexor of that joint. Each muscle
appears to have its particular role in extension of the knee and often comes in
at different ranges of the movement. For example, vastus medialis is more
obviously active in the final stage of extension and is believed to resist the
tendency of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the patella</i></a> to move
laterally caused by the angulation of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a>. Specific exercises designed to strengthen the oblique fibres of
vastus medialis are advocated by some practitioners in order to affect tracking
of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/patella.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the patella</i></a>, resisting dislocation
and possibly helping reduce anterior knee pain in certain circumstances.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html">Rectus femoris</a> works particularly strongly in
straight leg rising or in the combined movement of flexion of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-innominate-hip-bone.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the hip</i></a> and extension of the knee.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional
activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The quadriceps are used strongly in stepping
activities, for example stair climbing and squats. <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html">Rectus femoris</a> will perform
its function particularly in the swing phase of walking when the lower limb is
being carried forward and the knee is being extended. Vastus medialis, in the
final stages of extension of the knee, will help in the locking mechanism of
the joint when <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a> is allowed
to rotate medially.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Surprisingly, in the standing position very little
or no action is recorded in the quadriceps as in this position the knees are in
the closepacked position. It is at these times that if the knees are knocked
from behind, forward collapse will almost certainly occur. However, when
standing on a moving vehicle the quadriceps will be active. When standing on
one leg, all the muscles around the knee will work statically to provide
stability at the joint.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The quadriceps is a powerful and an important
muscle. It must work strongly throughout its full range. It will lose strength
and bulk rapidly if there is any injury to it or to the knee joint. It may take
months to regain power, but only days to lose it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Palpation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When sitting on a chair and straightening the
knee joint, particularly against resistance, the separate parts of quadriceps
femoris, except vastus intermedius, can easily be palpated: medialis on the
lower medial aspect, lateralis in the upper half of the lateral side and <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html">rectus femoris</a> running down the centre. Stand with the knees semiflexed, place your
hands on the front of each thigh; the three parts of the muscle (as above) can
be readily palpated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In straight leg raising, the muscle should be
able to extend the knee into a few degrees of hyperextension, this being the
extra range required for the knee to be able to lock. Patients not being able
to do this will often complain of their knee giving way during walking. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-41130611333741933952013-05-02T14:23:00.000+02:002013-05-02T14:23:05.545+02:00Muscles flexing the knee joint<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The hamstrings( semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris)</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastrocnemius</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-adducting-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gracilis</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/04/muscles-flexing-hip-joint.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sartorius</span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The hamstrings</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functional activity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It must be emphasized that, with the exception
of the short head of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">biceps femoris</i></a>,
these three muscles pass over, and act upon both the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-innominate-hip-bone.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hip</i> </a>and knee joints. Their action is therefore extremely complex. Although
details of their attachments and much of their action are described, the
functional activities of these muscles with respect to the knee joint have yet
to be considered. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rotation of the knee joint by the hamstrings is
usually considered to take place when the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foot</i></a>
is off the ground. However, this is not exactly true. It is certainly easier to
describe the rotation that occurs when the feet are firmly on the ground. For
example, consider moving sideways from seat to seat. The feet are fixed and
body weight is taken on to them; however, the person stays in a sitting
position just allowing the buttock to come clear of the seat. The trunk is then
moved to one side by a swevelling of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/femur.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the femur</i></a> on the upper surface of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a>.
This is achieved by the combined action of the medial rotators of the knee and
the lateral rotators of the other. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finally, the simultaneous action of the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hamstrings</i></a> on both the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-innominate-hip-bone.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hip</i></a> and knee joints must be considered.
Such a situation arises in the athlete who is accelerating towards a bend. Here
<a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the hamstrings</i></a> are functioning to
lift the trunk into a more upright position as well as to flex the knee of the
leg that is being swung-through ready for the next stride. As the body is being
forced around the bend, <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the hamstrings</i></a>
will also have to produce a rotation of the knee in order to produce this
turning force. It is thought by some that the hamstrings act as a tie between
the back of the pelvis and the <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/tibia.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tibia</i></a>,
which can adjust the relationship between the two bones. This is particularly
important when the body is changing posture during active movement as there are
additional forces due to the acceleration of body segments. This concept would
certainly go some of the way to explain why there are so many injuries of <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/muscles-extending-hip-joint.html">the hamstrings</a> in the athletes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastrocnemius</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastrocnemius is mainly a strong plantar flexor
of the ankle joint and is dealt with in that section. Nevertheless, it is also
a strong flexor of the knee.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
cross the knee joint on their respective sides. The muscle appears to come into
action when the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <a href="http://completesoccertraining.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-bony-structure-of-foot-part-iii.html">foot</a></i> is fiexed and
the body is being pulled forwards on the feet. This is best seen when pulling
forwards on the slied of a rowing body seat, or manoeuvring the fully reclined
body. The turning and pulling down of the body when in bed or on a plinth is
very important considering that we spend one-third of our lives lying down. </span></div>
</div>
Vladimir Complete Conditioning Zechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13722179751842028455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438304655456565615.post-49197570598536440542013-04-30T09:20:00.003+02:002013-04-30T09:20:23.744+02:00Best headers of all time<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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